201 research outputs found
The population of galaxy-galaxy strong lenses in forthcoming optical imaging surveys
Ongoing and future imaging surveys represent significant improvements in
depth, area and seeing compared to current data-sets. These improvements offer
the opportunity to discover up to three orders of magnitude more galaxy-galaxy
strong lenses than are currently known. In this work we forecast the number of
lenses discoverable in forthcoming surveys and simulate their properties. We
generate a population of statistically realistic strong lenses and simulate
observations of this population for the Dark Energy Survey (DES), Large
Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and Euclid surveys. We verify our model
against the galaxy-scale lens search of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope
Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), predicting 250 discoverable lenses compared to 220
found by Gavazzi et al (2014). The predicted Einstein radius distribution is
also remarkably similar to that found by Sonnenfeld et al (2013). For future
surveys we find that, assuming Poisson limited lens galaxy subtraction,
searches in DES, LSST and Euclid datasets should discover 2400, 120000, and
170000 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses respectively. Finders using blue minus red
(g-i) difference imaging for lens subtraction can discover 1300 and 62000
lenses in DES and LSST. The uncertainties on the model are dominated by the
high redshift source population which typically gives fractional errors on the
discoverable lens number at the tens of percent level. We find that doubling
the signal-to-noise ratio required for a lens to be detectable, approximately
halves the number of detectable lenses in each survey, indicating the
importance of understanding the selection function and sensitivity of future
lens finders in interpreting strong lens statistics. We make our population
forecasting and simulated observation codes publicly available so that the
selection function of strong lens finders can easily be calibrated.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. The code is publicly available at
http://github.com/tcollett/LensPop . Tables of properties of the lenses
discoverable by DES, LSST and Euclid are also available at the same ur
Cosmological Constraints from the double source plane lens SDSSJ0946+1006
We present constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, , and the
total matter density, , derived from the
double-source-plane strong lens SDSSJ0946+1006, the first cosmological
measurement with a galaxy-scale double-source-plane lens. By modelling the
primary lens with an elliptical power-law mass distribution, and including
perturbative lensing by the first source, we are able to constrain the
cosmological scaling factor in this system to be ,
which implies for a flat
cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology. Combining with a cosmic microwave
background prior from Planck, we find = assuming a
flat CDM cosmology. This inference shifts the posterior by 1 and
improves the precision by 30 per cent with respect to Planck alone, and
demonstrates the utility of combining simple, galaxy-scale
multiple-source-plane lenses with other cosmological probes to improve
precision and test for residual systematic biases.Comment: 9 Pages, 7 Figures. Updated version as published in MNRA
Core or Cusps: The Central Dark Matter Profile of a Strong Lensing Cluster with a Bright Central Image at Redshift 1
We report on SPT-CLJ2011-5228, a giant system of arcs created by a cluster at z = 1.06. The arc system is notable for the presence of a bright central image. The source is a Lyman break galaxy at z_s= 2.39 and the mass enclosed within the Einstein ring of radius 14 arcsec is ~10^(14.2) M⊙. We perform a full reconstruction of the light profile of the lensed images to precisely infer the parameters of the mass distribution. The brightness of the central image demands that the central total density profile of the lens be shallow. By fitting the dark matter as a generalized Navarro–Frenk–White profile—with a free parameter for the inner density slope—we find that the break radius is 270^(+48)_(-76) kpc, and that the inner density falls with radius to the power −0.38 ± 0.04 at 68% confidence. Such a shallow profile is in strong tension with our understanding of relaxed cold dark matter halos; dark matter-only simulations predict that the inner density should fall as r^(-1). The tension can be alleviated if this cluster is in fact a merger; a two-halo model can also reconstruct the data, with both clumps (density varying as r^(-0.8) and r^(-1.0)) much more consistent with predictions from dark matter-only simulations. At the resolution of our Dark Energy Survey imaging, we are unable to choose between these two models, but we make predictions for forthcoming Hubble Space Telescope imaging that will decisively distinguish between them
Localizing merging black holes with sub-arcsecond precision using gravitational-wave lensing
The current gravitational-wave localization methods rely mainly on sources
with electromagnetic counterparts. Unfortunately, a binary black hole does not
emit light. Due to this, it is generally not possible to localize these objects
precisely. However, strongly lensed gravitational waves, which are forecasted
in this decade, could allow us to localize the binary by locating its lensed
host galaxy. Identifying the correct host galaxy is challenging because there
are hundreds to thousands of other lensed galaxies within the sky area spanned
by the gravitational-wave observation. However, we can constrain the lensing
galaxy's physical properties through both gravitational-wave and
electromagnetic observations. We show that these simultaneous constraints allow
one to localize quadruply lensed waves to one or at most a few galaxies with
the LIGO/Virgo/Kagra network in typical scenarios. Once we identify the host,
we can localize the binary to two sub-arcsec regions within the host galaxy.
Moreover, we demonstrate how to use the system to measure the Hubble constant
as a proof-of-principle application.Comment: 5 pages (main text) + 5 pages (methods+references), 5 figures.
Accepted to MNRA
Automated Lensing Learner: Automated Strong Lensing Identification with a Computer Vision Technique
Forthcoming surveys such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and
Euclid necessitate automatic and efficient identification methods of strong
lensing systems. We present a strong lensing identification approach that
utilizes a feature extraction method from computer vision, the Histogram of
Oriented Gradients (HOG), to capture edge patterns of arcs. We train a
supervised classifier model on the HOG of mock strong galaxy-galaxy lens images
similar to observations from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and LSST. We
assess model performance with the area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver
Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Models trained on 10,000 lens and
non-lens containing images images exhibit an AUC of 0.975 for an HST-like
sample, 0.625 for one exposure of LSST, and 0.809 for 10-year mock LSST
observations. Performance appears to continually improve with the training set
size. Models trained on fewer images perform better in absence of the lens
galaxy light. However, with larger training data sets, information from the
lens galaxy actually improves model performance, indicating that HOG captures
much of the morphological complexity of the arc finding problem. We test our
classifier on data from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey and find that small scale
image features reduces the efficiency of our trained model. However, these
preliminary tests indicate that some parameterizations of HOG can compensate
for differences between observed mock data. One example best-case
parameterization results in an AUC of 0.6 in the F814 filter image with other
parameterization results equivalent to random performance.Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, summarizing results in figure
The effects of velocities and lensing on moments of the Hubble diagram
We consider the dispersion on the supernova distance-redshift relation due to
peculiar velocities and gravitational lensing, and the sensitivity of these
effects to the amplitude of the matter power spectrum. We use the MeMo lensing
likelihood developed by Quartin, Marra & Amendola (2014), which accounts for
the characteristic non-Gaussian distribution caused by lensing magnification
with measurements of the first four central moments of the distribution of
magnitudes. We build on the MeMo likelihood by including the effects of
peculiar velocities directly into the model for the moments. In order to
measure the moments from sparse numbers of supernovae, we take a new approach
using Kernel Density Estimation to estimate the underlying probability density
function of the magnitude residuals. We also describe a bootstrap re-sampling
approach to estimate the data covariance matrix. We then apply the method to
the Joint Light-curve Analysis (JLA) supernova catalogue. When we impose only
that the intrinsic dispersion in magnitudes is independent of redshift, we find
at the one standard deviation level, although
we note that in tests on simulations, this model tends to overestimate the
magnitude of the intrinsic dispersion, and underestimate . We note
that the degeneracy between intrinsic dispersion and the effects of
is more pronounced when lensing and velocity effects are considered
simultaneously, due to a cancellation of redshift dependence when both effects
are included. Keeping the model of the intrinsic dispersion fixed as a Gaussian
distribution of width 0.14 mag, we find .Comment: 16 pages, updated to match version accepted in MNRA
Testing Cosmology with Double Source Lensing
Double source lensing provides a dimensionless ratio of distance ratios, a
"remote viewing" of cosmology through distances relative to the gravitational
lens, beyond the observer. We use this to test the cosmological framework,
particularly with respect to spatial curvature and the distance duality
relation. We derive a consistency equation for constant spatial curvature,
allowing not only the investigation of flat vs curved but of the
Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker framework itself. For distance duality,
we demonstrate that the evolution of the lens mass profile slope must be
controlled to times tighter fractional precision than a claimed
distance duality violation. Using LENSPOP forecasts of double source lensing
systems in Euclid and LSST surveys we also explore constraints on dark energy
equation of state parameters and any evolution of the lens mass profile slope.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures. v2 matches version accepted to JCA
Serendipitous discovery of a strong-lensed galaxy in integral field spectroscopy from MUSE
2MASX J04035024-0239275 is a bright red elliptical galaxy at redshift 0.0661
that presents two extended sources at 2\arcsec~to the north-east and
1\arcsec~to the south-west. The sizes and surface brightnesses of the two blue
sources are consistent with a gravitationally-lensed background galaxy. In this
paper we present MUSE observations of this galaxy from the All-weather MUse
Supernova Integral-field Nearby Galaxies (AMUSING) survey, and report the
discovery of a background lensed galaxy at redshift 0.1915, together with other
15 background galaxies at redshifts ranging from 0.09 to 0.9, that are not
multiply imaged. We have extracted aperture spectra of the lens and all the
sources and fit the stellar continuum with STARLIGHT to estimate their stellar
and emission line properties. A trace of past merger and active nucleus
activity is found in the lensing galaxy, while the background lensed galaxy is
found to be star-forming. Modeling the lensing potential with a singular
isothermal ellipsoid, we find an Einstein radius of 1\farcs450\farcs04,
which corresponds to 1.9 kpc at the redshift of the lens and it is much smaller
than its effective radius ( 9\arcsec). Comparing the Einstein
mass and the STARLIGHT stellar mass within the same aperture yields a dark
matter fraction of \% within the Einstein radius. The advent of
large surveys such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will discover
a number of strong-lensed systems, and here we demonstrate how wide-field
integral field spectroscopy offers an excellent approach to study them and to
precisely model lensing effects.Comment: 12 pages, 12 Figures, 4 Tables. Accepted in MNRA
- …